There has been a tendency to conflate the current problems in the subprime market with CRA-motivated lending, or with lending to low-income families in general. I believe it is very important to make a distinction between the two. Most of the loans made by depository institutions examined under the CRA have not been higher-priced loans, and studies have shown that the CRA has increased the volume of responsible lending to low- and moderate-income households.
Robert Gordon has pointed out that approximately half of the loans were made by independent mortgage companies which were not regulated by CRA at all, and thus had no government obligation to offer credit to minorities.
Ellen Seidman, the former director of the US Office of Thrift Supervision,[2] argues that the CRA did not have an effect on the United States housing bubble. She observes that CRA banks were particularly warned to make responsible investments, citing a speech by herself as an example. She notes that if unregulated independent mortgage companies do make subprime loans, affiliated CRA banks should not be able to count them for CRA purposes, although she does not indicate whether this practice currently occurs.
An analysis by attorneys Traiger and Hinckley concluded that CRA banks were less likely to sell risky mortgages onto the secondary market, and likely mitigated the effect of subprime crisis.
...far fewer applicants are denied credit—rather, they are offered credit at higher prices intended to reflect the greater risk posed by these loans.
Home purchase and refinance lending has the largest origination volume by far (of which about 10 percent is CRA-related).
Perhaps the most significant factor driving the current rise in delinquency and foreclosures is declining house values.
I've worked on projects that were almost entirely CRA funded, in an attempt to provide affordable housing and help improve property values - in the targeted area (City/redevelopment district). A majority of these (low priced) homes were not the ones that went bust in the bubble.
But these did!!!
Many homes (in far-more expensive neighborhoods) were speculated-on by average every day people (often they were even white men) looking to flip product on new construction - these went bust. If you could obtain a mortgage on a second property pre-construction or at new-construction prices (at a subdivisions inception); you could make a quick 20K to 100K in the new-home market - going near 100% financing (OPM). Lenders didn't care, the developers-home builders didn't care, so they let these small time speculators buy homes with the intent on flipping product. This got early sales off to a quick start + it put homes in the subdivision faster so build-out was quicker. But, this drove home prices up freaky-fast, in a 5 year period the prices had skyrocketed. Flipping-homes took longer - in some subdivisions (the worst ones had almost 50% non-lived in homes, owned by speculators waiting to flip to a buyer; with near 100% financing being how they managed the OPM deals; the banks allowed it).
No one forced a bank to loan a 95% ARM on 500K+ valued home. They risked the loan because they were making money in fees and upfront interest.
You know the terms of a loan are determined by a bank - no matter what. The lax standards are the minimum requirement... not the only requirement. Every bank that loaned was on a feeding frenzy; making money all the way; they couldn't stop.
The speculator's help drive prices up to levels that could not be maintained. Banks loaned money near 100% - near 0% vested-equity. Some banks dumped this paper - sold it off (high risk junk); and another bought it up. When the fruition of this nonsense reached apex there was only down in home-market prices and the homes became walk-aways (50-100K; or more; upside down and then people simply don't want to pay; are not paying). The families that bought in these subdivisions at these inflated prices weren't prepared for the down-turn, loss of equity. They were simply dragged into the financial undertow (loss of equity, inability to sell, destruction of money-supplies, loss of liquidity in the credit markets, etc - then even loss of income and or job due to the money-supply/liquidity destruction which ripples through the economy in waves).
Last edited by topal63 (2008-09-23 22:30:51)